Lecture : Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has received a great deal of attention in customized products, which require arbitrary and adaptive shaping. In this respect, its application has been specialized in development of patient-specific biomedical system, more specifically in the field of tissue engineering. 3D printing has been considered to provide ideal architecture of tissue-engineered construct, generally called scaffold, in terms of biophysical and physiological functions with adherent cells. At the early stage of the tissue engineering based on 3D printing, biomaterials, or potentially biocompatible candidates, were tried to be produced into the TE scaffolds by the 3D printing processes. Cell seeding and culturing procedures were performed typically posterior to the scaffold preparation. Recently, many sophisticated systems have been used to print living-cell-laden hydrogels, which are called bio-inks, for producing the advanced viable artificial organs. However, despite a great amount of efforts to realize the ideal artificial TE construct, the non-negotiable requirements for clinical safety have yet to be secured. Due to the inevitable technical barrier, many researchers are making a paradigm shift to change the purpose of 3D printing biofabrication from implantable organs to drug-testing organs. The artificial organoids would be very promising to enhance the drug screening efficacy and selectivity in precision medicine, thereby providing useful alternatives to animal tests. Another approach with the 3D printing is to use it not solely but in combinative ways. When the 3D printing process is used in a single step, it would be limited to a just monotonous TE scaffold. Recently, many researchers have tried to develop a variety of technical combination in biofabrication over the monotonous 3D printing. In this lecture, such technical methodology is introduced in view of 3D printing applications. The representative example was biofabrication of artificial bile duct, which was relatively easily implemented in comparison to artificial liver. It was achieved by the combinative process involving 3D printing of template, dip coating of biomaterials with cells and post culturing for epithelialization. As for the artificial liver, it is going to be dealt with in the aspect of the aforementioned organoid, which would be potentially used for drug testing. Likewise, several advanced 3D printing techniques were used to achieve the microstructural complexity of liver tissue.